AIM AND SCOPE Folia Amazónica is a specialized open access scientific journal published by the Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP) that began 1988. Its objective is to disseminate articles and scientific notes resulting from original research on the knowledge, conservation and sustainable use of Amazonian forests to a target audience of professionals, academics and students. The journal covers a wide breadth of the biological sciences such as botany, ecology, biochemistry, zoology, forestry, aquaculture, and agronomy, with a distinctly Amazonian focus. It is a peer reviewed journal that publishes scientific articles in Spanish, Portuguese and English biannually (June and December) and have a policy of forthcoming articles. It has a chief editor and a scientific editorial board made up of renowned Peruvian and foreign researchers and academics. It is indexed in the academic databases: Scopus ; Latindex (Regional Online Information System for Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal); BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine), CrossRef (DOI International Registration Agency); Zoological Record (The world's oldest continuing database of animal biology) and Qualis (Brazilian System for the Evaluation of Scientific Journals). Articles and scientific notes must contain original information that has not been presented in other publications or at the time of their presentation or be under evaluation by other journals. ISSN on line: 2410-1184
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana
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USE OF CITRUS AS SUBSTRATE FOR SEMI-CAPTIVITY BREEDING OF Hermetia illucens "BLACK SOLDIER FLY" IN LORETO, PERU
In the rearing of native fish of the Peruvian Amazon such as Colossoma macropomum, Piaractus brachypomus, Brycon amazonicus, Prochilodus nigricans and Arapaima gigas, balanced feed is used, in whose formulation fishmeal and other non‑local inputs predominate. This makes its acquisition more expensive and difficult, mainly by rural Amazonian producers who are far from the urban area. Worldwide, there are experiences of alternatives for raising fish based on the use of vegetables, fruits and insects, taking advantage of the biological diversity of the environment. Thus, the use of insect larvae constitutes a promising alternative for the aquaculture sector on a global scale. The present study shows the semi‑captivity breeding of Hermetia illucens "black soldier fly" using organic waste (citrus) collected from urban and rural areas, highlighting the use of orange bagasse and grapefruit . In this way, using the circular economy principle, live larvae and soldier fly meal were obtained to be used as an alternative to feed commercially important fish. As a final product of the rearing of the larvae, an organic compost ideal for agroforestry systems was obtained. This study shows a cheap, accessible and environmentally friendly methodology for raising black soldier fly in semi‑captivity in the region of Loreto by using citrus from the urban and rural area.
Copyright (c) 2023 Germán Augusto MURRIETA MOREY, Harvey SATALAYA ARELLANO, Luciano Alfredo RODRÍGUEZ CHU, Miriam ALVAN-AGUILAR, Carlos Alfredo TUESTA ROJAS, Jorge NÁJAR REÁTEGUI, Joel VÁSQUEZ BARDALES
POPULATION ASSESSMENT OF TARICAYA (Podocnemis unifilis) AND TEPARO (Phrynops geoffroanus) IN THE PURUS COMMUNAL RESERVE, UCAYALI, PERU
The Yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) and the Geoffroy's side-necked turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) represent species with high environmental and economic value. To assess the status of their populations, the abundance index (AI) was estimated through 20 aquatic transects of 10 km in length in three sectors: Alto Purús National Park (PNAP), Purús Communal Reserve (RCP) and Buffer Zone (communal territory adjacent to the RCP). 737 records were obtained with 2335 individuals sighted for Yellow-spotted river turtle (taricaya) and only 17 records with 25 individuals sighted for Geoffroy's side-necked turtle (teparo). The AI of the taricaya for CPR was 3.9 ind/km traveled (SE = 0.6). A greater AI could be evidenced in the subsectors within the PNAP and progressively lower AI in the sectors of the Buffer Zone (ZA) of the RCP. These results value the importance of protected natural areas (PNA) to maintain populations of species such as the taricaya; and represent the beginning of robust monitoring so that in the following seasons and together with other economic and social indicators, we have a general vision of the conservation status of the species in the RCP. In the case of the teparo species, although it is possible to make calculations of the abundance index, these do not have a biological interpretation of the population of the species in the RCP. It is up to the Head of the RCP to make adjustment decisions in the information gathering methods and/or sampling design for the evaluation of this important species.
Copyright (c) 2023 Frank Christian FLORES-PONCE, Sonia ROMERO, Fredy Martín GUIZADO, Jacob TORRES, Hector BELISARIO, Rafael PINO, Paola MARTÍNEZ, Deyvis HUAMÁN, Enrique NONATO, Danilo JORDÁN
EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATES ENRICHED WITH ORGANIC MATTER ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF WHITE BOLAINA (Guazuma crinita C. Martius) IN NURSERY-PUERTO INCA
Deforestation globally and in Peru is a continuous problem, and actions must be taken to mitigate that activity, with the aim of recovering the services provided by the ecosystems through reforestation with quality seedlings of suitable species, generating artificial forests. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of substrates enriched with organic fertilizers on growth parameters of bolaina blanca seedlings in the nursery-garden. The treatments were made of a basic substrate (agricultural soil + sand) enriched with cattle manure (T1), chicken manure (T2), island guano (T3) and decomposed sawdust (T4) and were compared with a Control (T0), in Puerto Inca-Huánuco. A complete randomized design was established with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, evaluating plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves. The results obtained indicate that at 45 days after ringing (DDR) treatments T3, T4 and T2 respectively, reached the highest number of leaves. At 75 DDR, treatments T4 and T3 achieved the highest plant height and largest diameter; denoting a precocious behavior due to the effect of the organic sources used to achieve the quality attributes required for the respective plantation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Gerson Nilo ORTEGA-RODRIGUEZ, Henry BRICEÑO-YEN
EFFICIENCY OF A BIOL MADE FROM HARVEST RESIDUES IN THE PRODUCTION OF COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.), CLONE TSH 565 IN AN ORGANIC AGROFORESTRY PLANTATION
The quality and efficiency of a biol made from cocoa harvest residues on a fine aroma cocoa clone (TSH-565) was evaluated in an agroforestry plot located in the district of Campo Verde, Ucayali region. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications and five treatments applied at the canopy level. The control treatment consisted of a unique application of the fertilization made by the producer of 1 kg of poultry manure, 250 g of phosphate rock and 250 g of dolomite, T1 in the application of biol diluted in water at a concentration of 10%, T2 at 15%, T3 at 20% and for T4, biol at 15% was combined with the addition of the fertilization made by the producer. The biol prepared has a high nutritional content of macro and micronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), salinity and humins. The N and K content in the soil did not evidence considerable variation between treatments, except for P, where increases were observed. During the dry season, only weight, diameter (T1 and T2) and number of cocoa pods (T4 and T2) were significantly higher (P<0.05). With the onset of rains, no significant residual effects were observed. The highest yields for dry grain were obtained in T1 (366 kg ha-1) and T2 (380 kg ha-1), the lowest being the control with 185 kg ha-1 respectively.
Copyright (c) 2023 Diana Danet LUCANO-LOPEZ, Julio ALEGRE-ORIHUELA
SURVIVAL OF PLANTS SPECIES IN SEASONALLY FLOODED FORESTS OF THE PERUVIAN AMAZONIA
The survival of species in a seasonally flooded forest leads to a better understanding of strategies for conservation and ecological restoration. This paper reports species tolerant to flooded areas by evaluating the survival of species planted for forest restoration. Of the seventeen species studied, five showed high potential for use in seasonally flooded forest restoration. In general, the species P. munguba, C. tapia, H. crepitans, S. reticulata and M. dubia had a survival rate higher than 50%. S. reticulata had the highest survival with 91,1% in non‑submergence conditions. However, C. tapia (65,6%) and M. dubia (52,8%) tolerated greater submergence. The survival of plants is directly related to characteristics of adaptation to periods and levels of flooding, which is also conditioned by the heterogeneous microtopography of Amazonian flooded forests.
Copyright (c) 2023 Gerardo Rafael FLORES LLAMPAZO, Elvis Javier PAREDES DÁVILA, Rosario DÉL ÁGUILA CHÁVEZ, Nallarett Marina DÁVILA CARDOZO, Ander DÁVILA DÍAZ, Dennis DEL CASTILLO TORRES
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION, PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF Mauritia flexuosa L.f. “aguaje” IN FOREST PLANTATIONS OF JENARO HERRERA, LORETO, PER
In this study, we generated information on the structural characteristics and reproductive phenology of aguaje in six plantations from 11,6 to 17 years old established in the Jenaro Herrera Research Centre, Loreto, Peru. We observed and measured plant survival, structural characteristics, and phenology. The results showed that plant survival ranged from 66% to 96%. The majority of the variables did not show an increase with the age of the plantation, except for the mean stem height and total height, which were higher in the 17‑year‑old plantation than in the younger plantations. The reproductive stage of plants began at 6‑7 years with the flowering of a few individuals and showing an increase in the number of flowering plants in the plantations each year. The flowering and fruiting of aguaje plants occurred annually with synchrony in the flowering of male and female plants. However, some plants did not flower for periods of one to three years. The flowering period lasted on average 58,2 ± 0,9 days in the female plants and 55,1 ± 0,8 days in the male plants, while fruiting lasted 275,0 ± 1,6 days. The obtained information contributes to the silvicultural knowledge for the management of aguaje in plantations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Luis FREITAS ALVARADO, Dennis DEL CASTILLO TORRES, Carlos VILLACORTA GONZÁLEZ, Eurídice N. HONORIO DELGADO
EFFECT OF VARIABILITY OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL ON THE PRODUCTION OF Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh, IN UCAYALI, PERU, 2009-2019
Agricultural production is sensitive to climatic factors and the study of their relationships is essential to understand their behavior in the future; for this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of the determining climatic factors on the production of Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh, in Ucayali - Peru, 2009-2019; to do this, through the production function, the effect of climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) determining the production of camu-camu in Ucayali was quantified; considering for this, as dimensions of production: yield per hectare, harvested area and the gross value of production for the period 2009 - 2019 and its projection until 2029, using the ordinary least square method (OLS). It was possible to determine that rainfall is the most important climatic factor on yield with 48.79%; and, by 2029, the yield trend is negative, with a reduction of 1.12 t.ha-1. On the other hand, the maximum temperature is the determining climatic factor on the harvested area of camu-camu in 68.82%; by 2029 its projection is positive with an increase of 835.50 ha. Likewise, the maximum temperature is the determining climatic factor on the gross value of camu-camu production at 82.62% and by 2029, its projection will be positive with an increase of 3,546,843.95 PEN
Copyright (c) 2023 Nadia Masaya PANDURO - TENAZOA, Noé RAMÍREZ-FLORES, Javier Gonzalo LÓPEZ Y MORALES, Mario PINEDO-PANDURO, Hugo Alfredo HUAMANÍ-YUPANQUI, Carlos ABANTO-RODRÍGUEZ, Herman COLLAZOS SALDAÑA
ESTIMATION OF DENSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF ROSEWOOD IN PERU AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION
Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) is one of the most commercially valuable Amazonian tree species due to the extraction of its essential oil. Its trade is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Historically, it has been threatened by commercial overexploitation to meet the demands of cosmetic markets, mainly in Europe. This research aims to gather primary information on the population of rosewood in areas with known exploitation in Peru, estimating its density and determining its population structure. Data from 111 hectares were analyzed, divided into three sample strips of 1 hectare each (1000 x 10 m), spaced 350 m apart, and randomly distributed in areas with a probable species distribution (>75% probability of occurrence). The densities found were 0.524 individuals per hectare and 0.547 individuals per hectare in Loreto and Ucayali, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that natural populations of the species are not capable of sustaining a production cycle involving the extraction of adult individuals, and any form of extraction that involves complete tree removal would not be sustainable. One management alternative proposed is the promotion of plantations to reduce pressure on natural populations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Harol GUTIERREZ PERALTA, Roxana CASTAÑEDA, Edward FLORES, Alejandrina SOTELO-MÉNDEZ, Gladys TARAZONA REYES
OCCURRENCE DATA OF THE NEOTROPICAL OTTER Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818 IN THE MANU BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Lontra longicaudis Olfers, 1818 is a widely distributed species in North, Central and South America. They are categorized as Near Threatened by the IUCN, but they are not under legal protection in Peru, where their documentation has been limited. Here we present occurrence data of this species inside the Manu Learning Centre biological station, in the Manu Biosphere Reserve from the period 2012 – 2022, and a suggestion about how to assess this species in the future, using already existing legal regulations.
Copyright (c) 2023 Edgar Luis Marquina-Montesinos, Renato Walter Colan-Rodriguez, Carolina Milagros Herrera-Huayhua, Javier Amaru-Castelo, David Guevara-Apaza
VARIATION OF THE TEMPORAL CO2, ACCUMULATED CO2 EMISSION AND IMPROVEMENT OF CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FERTILITY OF AN ACID SOIL THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF BIOCHAR
Traditionally, to correct the acidity of soil, lime or agricultural dolomite is used, these conventional liming agents can bring as a secondary effect the decrease in soil organic matter (SOM), the carbon stock and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Alkaline biochar is an alternative due to its stability and ability to obtain a positive carbon balance, improve agricultural soils and generate lower GHG emissions. We evaluated the CO2 emission and the physical and chemical properties of acid soil when amended with biochar, lime, and agricultural dolomite in a greenhouse. versus a control (without amendment). Without cultivation, agricultural lime and biochar had a rapid reaction raising the pH close to 7; biochar increased the content of organic matter (+23%), nitrogen (+20%), available phosphorus (+116%), CEC (+46%) and exchangeable cations. Temporal CO2 emission within 24 hours increased with biochar (131%) and dolomite (+41%), although it decreased significantly afterward. On the other hand, with the maize crop, the biochar maintained the desired pH value, and available phosphorus (+109%) and potassium (+224%), CEC (+6%) and exchangeable cations were higher; the temporary emission within 24 hours was higher for biochar (+314%), lime (+115%) and dolomite (+112%); and for the accumulated CO2, biochar presented the highest value (+53%). At day 56, CO2 emissions were not significantly different from the control for the three amendments, and even lower from day 75, which would mean a reduction in long-term emissions.
FISHES AT RISK: UNVEILING THE HIDDEN DIVERSITY OF A VULNERABLE LAKE IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON REGION
The study focuses on the Huachana lake, a vulnerable ecosystem in the Peruvian Amazon region that receives wastewater from the city of Iquitos. Despite its significance in ichthyology and its role as a type locality for various species, water bodies near Iquitos face threats. While a portion of the ichthyological diversity in the Loreto region is known, the Huachana lake had never been subject to sampling, making this study the first to examine fish diversity in this aquatic environment. A total of 52 fish species from 5 orders, 20 families, and 39 genera were identified. The Characiformes present the greatest species richness (30 species), followed by Cichliformes (12 species). Cichlidae and Characidae are the families richest in species. No species are endangered according to the IUCN; the majority are considered of least concern. The study also identified ornamental and commercial species, providing crucial information about ichthyofauna in nearby urban areas and its potential long-term environmental impact.
Copyright (c) 2023 Kevin Morgan RUIZ-TAFUR, Edgard Leonardo DÁVILA-PANDURO, Ivon CISNEROS-ORTIZ, Junior CHUCTAYA
Panthera onca EN EL ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN REGIONAL CORDILLERA ESCALERA: UN NUEVO REGISTRO DE JAGUAR MELÁNICO EN LA SELVA TROPICAL DEL PERÚ
We present the first records of a melanistic jaguar (Panthera onca) coexisting with non-melanistic jaguars in the Cordillera Escalera - Regional Conservation Area, San Martín, Peru. Between the years 2017 and 2022, twelve camera traps were installed in a wildlife corridor to evaluate the occurrence of mammals and birds within the conservation area. A total record of 9 photos and 24 videos was obtained, of which 6 photos and 10 videos corresponded to a melanistic male specimen. The largest number of records was in April and July 2021, during night events. These results represent important evidence of the presence of previously undocumented melanistic jaguars in the area, allowing the strengthening of jaguar conservation initiatives and distribution evaluation within the Cordillera Escalera - RCA.
Copyright (c) 2023 Manuel Jesús Saucedo Bazalar, Guillermo Miguel Carlos Gómez
FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY IN FOUR AMAZON RAINFOREST HABITATS FROM TAMBOPATA, MADRE DE DIOS, PERU
The Amazon rainforest is one of the most biodiverse and at the same time most threatened ecosystems in the biosphere. Its different habitats provide a unique floristic pattern. Therefore, we aimed to identify the floristic arboreal composition in an area of the Amazon rainforest and determine the local patterns of diversity in its different habitats. This study was conducted around the Tambopata Research Center, Madre de Dios, Peru. To achieve our goals, we established 20 (50 × 30 m) plots distributed equally in four habitats, these being: Mauritia Palm Swamp, Floodplain Forest, Successional Floodplain Forest, and Tierra Firme Forest. In each plot, we collected all individuals with a diameter at a breast height ≥ of 10 cm. Subsequently, the individuals were identified and classified by cluster and diversity analysis. We found 57 families, 173 genera, 300 species, and 1958 individuals. Fabaceae was the family with the highest number of genera (19) and species (36), while Arecaceae was the family with the highest number of individuals (603). Clustering analysis showed a high cophenetic correlation for habitats (0.94). The biodiversity analysis showed that the Floodplain Forest and the Tierra Firme Forest are the habitats with the highest floristic representation. This study evidences the richness of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest, at the same time that it observes the local patterns of each habitat.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gustavo MARTÍNEZ-SOVERO, Consuelo ROJAS-IDROGO, Guillermo Eduardo DELGADO-PAREDES, Felipe ZUÑE-DA-SILVA, Alexander HUAMÁN-MERA, Yuriko MURILLO-DOMEN, Donald BRIGHTSMITH
BIOLOGICAL CYCLE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATES OF Tuthillia cognata (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) IN CAMU CAMU
The jumping louse, Tuthillia cognata (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a pest that causes severe deformations in the leaf buds of Myrciaria dubia (camu camu) in the Peruvian Amazon, therefore, a study was carried out with the objective of determining the morphological characteristics of each stage of development, the duration and longevity of T. cognata adults in young shoots of camu camu. The research was carried out under laboratory conditions (temperature: 26,9 ± 2°C, relative humidity: 6,6 ± 5% and 12:12 h Light: Dark) in Pucallpa, Peru. Morphological characteristics of each stage of development, duration and longevity of T. cognata adults in young shoots of camu camu were determined. The duration from egg to adult was 17,8 ± 0,6 (12 to 23) days and longevity for females was 38,6 ± 1,3 (37 to 40) days and for males 35,6 ± 1,5 (34 to 38) days.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vilma Erica CAMPOS-CELESTINO, Ena Vilma VELAZCO CASTRO, Bladimir GUERRA-AMBROSIO, José Gerardo SANCHEZ-CHOY
RICHNESS OF EUGLENOPHYTA IN YARINACOCHA LAGOON (PUCALLPA, UCAYALI), INCLUDING NEW RECORDS FOR PERU
The present study aimed to describe the richness of the Phylum Euglenophyta associated with the dry season in Yarinacocha Lake, Pucallpa, Peru, in 2022. The research was developed in 8 sampling stations located within the lake. The methods of collection, identification and analysis of the biological community under study were conducted following the guidelines established by Ortega et al. (2014). A total of 22 taxa were reported as new records for Peru. The euglenoid community was mainly composed of 1 order (Euglenales), 2 families (Euglenaceae and Phacaceae) and 6 genera (Euglena, Euglenaformis, Strombomonas, Trachelomonas, Lepocinclis and Phacus). The highest species richness was found in the station near the “Nueva Luz de Fátima '' settlement, while the lowest was recorded in front of the restaurant "La Jungla Ecolodge'' and San Juan port. The information provided in this study can be used as a baseline for future research concerning phytoplankton communities from Yarinacocha and its potential value as a bioindicator.
Copyright (c) 2024 Leonardo Humberto MENDOZA-CARBAJAL, Elian ROJAS-BAEZ, Jose CASAS-OCHOA, Maria Angela PUCAMACAJIA, Luz MORALES, Angela SULCA, Dana GARCÍA, Nataly GALLOSO-SANCHEZ, Antuane CÓRDOVA, Josselyn ALVAREZ
GENUS Gynoxys CASS (ASTERACEAE) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AMAZONAS, PERU: DISTRIBUTION AND NEW RECORDS
In this study, we present the species of the genus Gynoxys recorded in the department of Amazonas, Peru. From March 2021 to October 2023, a review of exsiccata preserved in national herbaria, virtual databases of international herbaria, and field collections in different localities was carried out. We report 22 species of Gynoxys in Amazonas, of which two are new records for Peru and six are first reports for Amazonas. The genus is mainly distributed in the southern part of the department, inhabiting mainly moorlands and high altimontane forests of the Yungas, mostly located above 2900 meters above sea level (m a.s.l).
ADDITIONS TO THE MYXOBIOTA OF THE CENTRAL JUNGLE OF PERU: NEW RECORDS AND FIRST REPORT OF Craterium roseum (PHYSARALES, MYXOMYCETES, AMOEBOZOA)
The Myxomycetes are a group of amoeboid protists involved on the decomposition of organic matter of plant origin. In Peru, around 22% of the species known worldwide have been recorded, but the territory is studied unevenly, and the Amazon tropical forests, and particularly the central jungle, has barely been explored. In the present work, the result of expeditions carried out in 2020 to the jungle of Pasco, Oxapampa province, is provided. Six species unknown in this territory are reported, and the species Craterium roseum is recorded for the first time to Peru. The species richness and diversity of this territory is underestimated and need of more exhaustive studies to have a precise idea about its myxobiota.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jhon Wilson Muñuico Mamani, Italo Francisco Treviño Zevallos, Carlos Lado Rodríguez
FIRST RECORD OF THE BEETLE Trachyderes succinctus (CERAMBYCIDAE) ON THE PLANT Senna reticulata (FABACEAE) IN IQUITOS, PERU
This study documents for the first time the presence of the beetle Trachyderes succinctus (Cerambycidae) on the plant Senna reticulata (Fabaceae) in the city of Iquitos, Peru. The sample consisted of three beetle larvae collected from within the branches of the plant, which were reared in controlled environments until reaching adulthood. The adult beetle individuals and plant samples were identified using specialized keys. T. succinctus shows a preference for plant species in the Fabales order, and this finding expands our knowledge of its relationship with different species. This study provides valuable information about the interaction between the beetle and the plant in the Peruvian Amazon.
borer, Coleoptera, insect, peruvian Amazon, plant-insect relationship, urban plant.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ricardo ZÁRATE GÓMEZ, Adan ANGULO-CAINAMARI, Christian AMPUDIA-GATTY, Linder Felipe MOZOMBITE-PINTO
FIRST RECORD OF THE BAMBOO SPECIALIST IHERING'S ANTBIRD Myrmotherula iheringi oreni (AVES: THAMNOPHILIDAE), IN THE JUNÍN DEPARTMENT, PERU
Myrmotherula iheringi oreni is a species known for its association with bamboo forest in southern Peru. Its distribution range is restricted to the departments of Madre de Dios, Cusco, Puno, and Ucayali; however, our record of M. iheringi oreni near the town of Poyeni represents the first occurrence for the department of Junín.
Copyright (c) 2024 Francisco Alción VÁSQUEZ-ÁREVALO, Margot PANTA CORZO
NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS AND CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY (Hermetia illucens) LARVAE MEAL NATIVE TO THE PERUVIAN AMAZON
The search for new protein sources for food formulation is increasing. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae have high levels of protein, good fat content and are rich in essential amino acids, making them an alternative source of dietary protein. In this work, the nutritional properties and metabolomic characterization of black soldier fly larvae meal native to the Peruvian Amazon reared on three organic waste substrates were carried out. The three meals had a high protein content (38.90-44.68%), lipids (26.96-31.01%), as well as a high potassium, calcium and low sodium content. The larvae meal fed with orange bagasse presented the best content of iron and manganese. The fatty acid profile showed a high content of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids for the three flours. The most abundant essential amino acids in the three meals were leucine, lysine and valine. A total of 48 compounds were identified in the larvae meal fed with orange bagasse, 24 compounds in the larvae meal fed with oats and 44 compounds in the larvae meal fed with ripe banana pulp. These results indicate that black soldier fly larvae meals native to the Peruvian Amazon are a good source of proteins, minerals, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids with high nutritional value.
ADDENDUM TO MARSH (2014): Pithecia hirsuta Spix, 1823 AND Pithecia inusta Spix, 1823 ARE SYNONYMS
The Saki monkeys, genus Pithecia Desmarest, 1804, have undergone drastic taxonomic changes in a 2014 revision of the genus. In this revision, Pithecia hirsuta Spix, 1823 and P. inusta Spix, 1823 were considered as valid, although both species have been widely considered synonymous with P. monachus. Nonetheless, here we demonstrate, by reviewing the original descriptions of both species, that P. inusta cannot be applied to the Peruvian populations of Pithecia inhabiting primarily the Ucayali River watershed since the original concept of this species, as well as its type locality did not include its putative geographic range. In fact, the area falls completely outside the expedition's itinerary that collected the holotype. Thus, to preserve stability until further evidence is furnished, the above-mentioned Pithecia populations should be regarded as P. monachus.
Copyright (c) 2024 José Eduardo Serrano-Villavicencio, Dr., Guilherme Siniciato Terra Garbino, Dr.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF GALL-INDUCING INSECTS IN THE AMAZON FOREST
Little is known about galling insects in the Amazonian rainforest, despite its renown as a highly biodiverse ecosystem. In an effort to fill this knowledge gap, we compiled data from existing studies of gall-inducing insects and their host plants in the Amazon biome. A total of 32 studies focusing on insect galls and their host plants in the Amazon were assessed. Taxonomy, inventory, and ecology emerged as the most prominently represented areas of investigation. We found 31 species of Cecidomyiidae, from seven tribes and 21 genera, reported in the Amazon Forest. The richness of gall-inducing insects exhibited a positive correlation with the size of their associated plant families, while showing no significant correlation with the age of those families.
Copyright (c) 2024 Julio Miguel GRANDEZ-RIOS, Walter SANTOS DE ARAÚJO, Seth KAUPPINEN, Valeria CID MAIA
TARANTULAS (Araneae: Theraphosidae) FROM THE MIDDLE PUTUMAYO BASIN, LORETO, PERU
Theraphosidae represent the family with the greatest diversity in the Mygalomorphae suborder, but the scarcity of studies in the Peruvian Amazon has generate uncertainty about its richness, reason that encourages to determine the species of tarantulas located the middle basin of the Putumayo river (Peru). Sampling was carried out in two communities: Puerto Arturo and Bobona, riparian populations, along pre-established transects and occasional manual collecting outside the transects; allspecimens were identified using taxonomic keys, descriptions and information available on web pages. Ten individuals were recorded, distributed in seven species, three belonging to the subfamily Theraphosinae, two to Avicularinae, one to Ischnocolinae and one to Psalmonpoeinae. This work aims to presents preliminary results of the diversity of tarantulas in the Putumayo river basin in indicating. The presence of least seven species in four subfamilies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Richard Augusto PANDURO VASQUEZ, Ricardo ZÁRATE GÓMEZ, Pedro PÉREZ PEÑA, Linder Felipe MOZOMBITE PINTO, Dennis Valentín DÁVILA MACEDO
TRADITIONAL USES OF MANCHINGA (GENUS Brosimum and Sorocea) IN ONE KICHWA COMMUNITIES OF SAN MARTÍN, PERU
The study documents the traditional uses of species known as manchinga by the Kichwa community of San Juan de Miraflores, in the department of San Martín, Peru. Twenty interviews and botanical inventories of 13 trees were conducted. Three species of Moraceae were identified: Brosimum alicastrum Sw., Brosimum guianense Huber ex Ducke, and Sorocea briquetii J.F.Macbr, with ten specific uses in the categories of construction, food, and medicine. The whole cooked seeds of these three species are used for food; B. alicastrum and B. guianense have timber uses, being used in construction and furniture making; and B. alicastrum also has medicinal use. The manchinga species have cultural and economic importance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Chris Anggello LÓPEZ ALVAREZ, Manuel MARTIN BRAÑAS, Ricardo ZÁRATE GÓMEZ, Roxani RIVAS RUIZ, Marcos Antonio RIOS PAREDES, Edwars Jimmy PILLACA TANTA, Adán ANGULO CAINAMARI, Juan José PALACIOS VEGA, Margarita DEL AGUILA VILLACORTA, Sharon SMITH CARPIO SAAVEDRA, Héctor GUERRA AREVALO
TARANTULAS (ARANAE: THERAPHOSIDAE) REPORTED FROM LORETO DEPARTMENT, PERU
Tarantulas play a fundamental role as regulators of small animal populations, and are essential in studies of biodiversity, biogeography, animal behavior, and species trade. Despite their importance, there is a significant lack of information on tarantulas in the eastern Peruvian Amazon. To address this knowledge gap, we have compiled an exhaustive list of tarantula species present in the department of Loreto, using bibliographic data from publications such as scientific articles, books, theses, and conference abstracts. We reported a total of 42 tarantula species, corresponding to five subfamilies: Theraphosinae (with 30 species), Aviculariinae (with 6 species Psalmopoeinae (with 4 species), Schismatothelinae (with 1 species) and Ischnocolinae (with 1 specie), none of which are threatened in any conservation category. Of the eight provinces of the department of Loreto, Maynas reported the highest richness (with 21 species), followed by Putumayo (with 10 species), both sectors were the most studied in Loreto. Meanwhile, the Daten del Marañon province with at least 2 species. This information will be substantial for the development of effective conservation and management strategies for this important group of terrestrial invertebrates.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Claudia RAMOS RODRIGUEZ, Richard Augusto PANDURO VASQUEZ, Ricardo ZÁRATE GÓMEZ, Adan ANGULO-CAINAMARI, Christoph MEYER, José Humberto LAZO ALVAN
FISH FROM THE PINTUYACU STREAM, ITAYA RIVER BASIN, PERUVIAN AMAZON
The present work corresponds to a fish inventory, carried out between August and September 2019, in three sampling sites in the Pintuyacu stream, a tributary of the Itaya River basin, in the Peruvian Amazon. Based on 504 individuals analyzed, 117 species were identified, corresponding to 33 families and 8 orders. The most diverse order was Characiformes (65 species, 55.6%), followed by Siluriformes (31 species, 26.5%). At the Characidae family level, it presents the highest species richness with 24 species (20.5%). The most abundant species were Stethaprion erythrops (13.1%, 66 individuals), Knodus smithi (13.1%, 66 individuals) and Bujurquina peregrinabunda (6.2%, 31 individuals). Species for ornamental and consumer use were recorded. No threatened species were recorded and most were classified as Least Concern (LC), according to IUCN criteria. The present study is the first to present a list of the ichthyofauna present in the Pintuyacu stream and consequently the first inventory published for the Itaya River basin. Which highlights the need to continue carrying out ichthyological inventories, with the aim of enriching the knowledge of the freshwater ichthyofauna of the country and the Amazon region, as well as applying necessary measures for the conservation of our ichthyological resources.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kevin Morgan RUIZ TAFUR, Edgar Leonardo DÁVILA PANDURO, Carlos Tobias CHUQUIPIONDO GUARDIA, James R. GARCÍA-AYALA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF FOUR CONVENTIONAL PESTICIDES ON THE POLLINATOR Forcipomyia spp. (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) OF CACAO CULTIVATION (THEOBROMA CACAO), IN SAN MARTÍN, PERU
The cocoa crop (Theobroma cacao), is pollinated mainly by Forcipomyia spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). The objective was to evaluate the environmental risk of four conventional pesticides: cypermethrin, carbofuran, copper oxychloride and chlorpyrifos, used in the cultivation of cocoa on the pollinator, Forcipomyia spp. The environmental risk was evaluated by analyzing the abundance index of Forcipomyia in the town of Sangamayoc, Barranquita district, Lamas province, San Martín region, Peru. The individuals were obtained by incubation and capture in emergency boxes with cocoa litter that encountered the four pesticides over three evaluations. The results show that chlorpyrifos presented the highest environmental risk on the abundance of Forcipomyia, followed by cypermethrin, carbofuran and copper oxychloride. In the first evaluation, a decrease in pollinator abundance was observed, followed by a slight recovery in subsequent evaluations. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos had the greatest effect on the abundance of Forcipomyia, and copper oxychloride the one with the least effect. Forcipomyia proved to be an adequate indicator for the evaluation of environmental risk due to the application of pesticides.
Copyright (c) 2024 Astrid SOTOMAYOR-CHAVEZ, Dimas GARAY-CRISANTO, José Alberto IANNACONE, Geancarlo ALARCÓN-IMAN, Lorena ALVARIÑO, Paola OLANO-PANCHANO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A BROAD OVERVIEW OF THE AVIFAUNA OF SECONDARY FORESTS IN PERUVIAN AMAZONIA
In the Peruvian Amazon, we conducted an extensive survey of bird species in six secondary forests. We used the point count method and established 360 survey points (60 in each zone) at least 500 meters away from the others. These observations covered six zones across nine departments, including Loreto, Amazonas, San Martín, Ucayali, Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, Cusco, and Puno, at altitudes ranging from 96 to 2501 meters. We assessed these forests in both dry and rainy seasons with two consecutive days of observations at each point. Our findings revealed high species richness in every zone, with a total of 628 bird species identified, including one Endangered, and five Vulnerable according to the IUCN. Passeriformes was the order with the most species registered, while Tyrannidae and Thraupidae were the most species-rich families. Zones within protected areas exhibited higher species richness compared to adjacent unprotected zones. These results highlight the crucial role of secondary forests in conserving a significant number of bird species despite compositional changes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Juan ESTEVES, César ARANA, Alejandra ARANA, Letty Edith SALINAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DIVERSITY OF PLANTS USED BY THE URARINA PEOPLE IN THE LORETO DEPARTMENT, PERU
The numerous scientific publications related to the use of plants by the Urarina people demonstrate a deep-seated and valuable knowledge. However, it lacks a comprehensive review that encompasses this vast botanical knowledge. In this regard, our goal was to understand the diversity of plants used by the Urarinas in the Loreto region (Peru). To achieve this, we conducted a thorough literature review of scientific publications, where we found 17 publications with data on plant use related to the Urarina people. We recorded 196 species of flowering plants included in 56 families. The palm family (Arecaceae) stands out as the family with the greatest variety of uses, with its ten representative species: Iriartea deltoidea, Bactris gasipaes, Mauritia flexuosa, Oenocarpus bataua, Euterpe precatoria, Socratea exorrhiza, Oenocarpus mapora, Attalea phalerata, Elaeis oleifera and Phytelephas tenuicaulis. This finding highlights the cultural importance of palms in traditional Urarina practices; moreover, it provides a solid foundation for future ethnobotanical research and conservation strategies
Copyright (c) 2024 Ricardo ZÁRATE-GÓMEZ, Manuel Martin Brañas, Adan Angulo-Cainamari, Carlos Andres Medina López, Margarita Del Aguila Villacorta, Gonzalo Manuel Isla Reátegui, María Claudia Ramos Rodríguez, Andrés Guillermo Córdova Rojas
LA TOMOGRAFÍA ACÚSTICA, UNA TECNOLOGÍA PARA LA SELECCIÓN DE ÁRBOLES SEMILLEROS EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA
La forestación y reforestación ayudan a frenar la deforestación; pero las escasas plantaciones forestales existen en el Perú se caracterizan por tener baja productividad, debido al uso de semillas de calidad genética deficiente. La primera fase de los programas de mejoramiento es la selección en masa, evaluándose características dasométricas y morfométricas. Se reporta pudrición medular en árboles amazónicos, pero su sanidad se evalúa con técnicas poco precisa o no se considera. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo demostrar que la tomografía acústica es una tecnología fundamental en la selección de árboles semilleros en la Amazonía peruana. Las especies evaluadas fueron Anaueria brasiliensis, Aspidosperma parvifolium, Bertholletia excelsa, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Dipteryx micrantha, Nectandra cuspidata y Schefﬂera morototoni. Se utilizó el tomógrafo acústico para evaluar la sanidad interna. Se analizó la incidencia por especie y el porcentaje de afectación mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis; así mismo, se evaluó la asociación de la sanidad interna con variables dasométricas, mediante Análisis de Componentes Principales y correlación. Anaueria brasiliensis presentó en promedio los mayores porcentajes de afectación (45,4%), por otro lado, Bertholletia excelsa y Cedrelinga cateniformis, presentaron los menores porcentajes (0,9%). Existió diferencias significativas para el porcentaje de afectación de los árboles candidatos (p < 0,05). El porcentaje de afectación presentó fuertes asociaciones positivas con las variables dasométricas. La tomografía acústica es fundamental en la selección de árboles semilleros de árboles amazónicos; considerando que existen especies con alta variación de la sanidad interna entre sus individuos
Copyright (c) 2025 Juan Rodrigo BASELLY-VILLANUEVA, Andrés FERNÁNDEZ-SANDOVAL, Arturo Tomas MACEDO-RAMÍREZ, Evelin Judith SALAZAR-HINOSTROZA, Sheyla Yanett CHUMBIMUNE-VIVANCO, Jorge Enrique PÉREZ-ARIRAMA, Geomar VALLEJOS-TORRES, Ana Márcia MACEDO LADEIRA CARVALHO