EVALUACIÓN DE LA VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA DE LA CASTAÑA Bertholletia excelsa EN LA REGIÓN DE MADRE DE DIOS (PERÚ), MEDIANTE MARCADORES MICROSATÉLITES
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Resumen
La diversidad genética poblacional de Bertholletia excelsa “castaña” fue estimada en siete localidades del departamento de Madre de Dios. Se colectaron un total de 164 muestras, las cuales fueron evaluadas con seis loci microsatélites. Todos los loci microsatélites resultaron polimórficos, reportándose un total de 47 alelos, con una media de 7.83 por locus. Los resultados de AFC, SAMOVA (98.06% de la variación se encuentra dentro de las localidades y solo 2.24% entre ellas) y distancia genética (distancia promedio = 0.017), mostraron que las siete localidades evaluadas presentan poca diferenciación genética entre ellas; presentado un elevado flujo genético demostrado en los resultados de Nm que variaron de 6.26 al infinito. También, los resultados globales de F (0.024), ST R (0.045) muestran una débil diferenciación genética entre las poblaciones. En términos generales, cada localidad ST presenta una amplia variabilidad genética con pocas diferencias entre ellas. Considendo el conjunto de localidades como una única población no se observa diferencia a la panmixia (Ho= 0.68, He= 0.69, F = 0.01). Los resultados is obtenidos tanto dentro de las localidades como entre ellas pueden ser atribuidos a las escasas barreras físicas entre las localidades, un tiempo de generación alto y una duración de vida alta de los árboles (numero eficiente alto) y un sistema de reproducción alogamico de la castaña.
Palabras clave
Bertholletia excelsa; castaña; Amazonía; microsatélites
Citas
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Tonhasca, A. Jr.; Blackmer, J.L.; Albuquerque, G.S. 2002. Abundance and Diversity of Euglossine Bees in the Fragmented Landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biotropica. 34(3): 416-422.
Zuidema, P.; Boot, R. 2002. Demography of the Brazil
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221-242.
Belkhir, K.; Borsa, P.; Chichi, I.; Raufast, N.; Bonhomme, F. 2004. GENETIX 4.05.2, logiciel sous windowns TM pour la genétique des populations. Laboratoire génome, populations, interactions, CNRS UMR 5000, Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
Brookfield, J.F.Y. 1996. A simple new method for estimating null frequency from heterozygote deficiency. Molecular Ecology, 5: 453-455.
Boys, J.; Cherry, M.; Dayanandan, S. 2005. Microsatellite Analysis Reveals Genetically Distinct Populations of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa,
Pinaceae). American Journal of Botany, 92(5): 833-841.
Camargo, P.B.D.; Salomao, R.P.; Trumbore, S.; Martinelli, L.A. 1994. How old are large Brazilnut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in the Amazon?
Scientia Agricola, 51: 389-391.
Chase, M. ; Kesseli, R. ; Bawa, K. 1996. Microsatellite markers for population and conservation genetics of Tropical Trees. American Journal of Botany, 83(1): 51-57.
Cole, C.T. 2005. Allelic and population variation of microsatellite loci in aspen (Populus tremuloides). New Phytologist, 167(1): 155-164.
Dressler, R.L. 1982. Biology of the Orchid Bees (Euglossini). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 13: 373-394.
Doyle, J.J.; Doyle J.L. 1987. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: 13-15.
Dupanloup, I.; Schneider, S.; Excoffier, L. 2002. A simulated annealing approach to define the genetic structure of populations. Molecular Ecology, 11: 2571-2581.
Excoffier, L.; Smouse, P.; Quattro, J.M. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: an
application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics, 131: 479-491.
Frankham, R.; Ballou, J. D. and Briscoe, D. A. 2008. Fundamentos de Genética da Conservação. Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. 280pp.
Goodman, S.J. 1997. RstCalc: a collection of computer programs for calculatin estimates of genetic differentiation from microsatellite data and
determining their significance. Molecular Ecology, 6(9): 881-885.
Kalliola, R.; Puhakka, M.; Danjoy, W. 1993. Amazonía Peruana, vegetación húmeda tropical en el llano subandino. Proyecto Amazonía,
Universidad de Turku, Turku, Finlandia. 265pp.
Kanashiro, M.; Harris, S.A.; Simons, A. 1997. RAPD diversity in Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa ( Hunb. & Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae). Silvae Genetica, 46: 219–223.
Karp, A.; Kresovich, S.; Bhat, K.V.; Ayad, W.G.; Hodgkin, T. 1997. Molecular tools in plant genetic resources: A guide to the technologies. IPGRI. Rome-Italy.
Lawrence, A.; Phillips, O.L.; Reategui Ismodes, A.; Lopez, M.; Rose, S.; Wood, D.; Farfan, A.J. 2005. Local values for harvested forest plants in Madre de Dios, Peru: towards a more contextualized interpretation of quantitative ethnobotanical data. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14: 45-79.
Lemes, M.R.; Gribel, R.; Proctor, J.; Grattapaglia, D. 2003. Population genetic structure of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae) across the Brazilian Amazon, based on variation at microsatellite loci: implications for conservation. Molecular Ecology, 12: 2875-2883.
Marquardt, P.E.; Epperson, B.Y. 2004. Spatial and population genetic structure of microsatellites in white pine. Molecular Ecology, 13: 3305-3315.
Marshall, T., J. Slate, L. Kruk and J. Pemberton. 1998. Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. Mol. Ecol., 7: 639-655.
Moegenburg, S.M; Levey, D.J. 2002. Prospects for conserving biodiversity in Amazonian extractive reserves. Ecology Letters, 5: 320–324.
Mori, S. A. 1995. La Nuez del Brazil. Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Etnobotanica No 5.
Motta, M. 2002. Reproductive phenology and pollination of the brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. Lecythidaceae) in
Eastern Amazonia. En: Kevan P & Imperatriz Fonseca VL (eds) - Pollinating Bees - The Conservation Link Between Agriculture and
Nature - Ministry of Environment / Brasília. p. 245-254.
Muir, G.; Lowe, A.J.; Fleming, C.C.; Vogl, C. 2004. High Nuclear Genetic Diversity, High Levels of Outcrossing and Low Differentiation Among
Remnant Populations of Quercus petraea at the Margin of its Range in Ireland. Annals of Botany, 93: 691-697.
Pastor, S. 2004. Manejo de la Biotecnología Apropiada para Pequeños Productores: Estudio de Caso – Perú. REDBIO / FAO. Lima – Peru. p. 42-
43.
Peakall, R.; Smouse, P.E. 2005. GenAlEx V6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Australian National Unive rsity, Canbe rr a . Disponibl e vi a http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/GenAlEx.
Rajesh, M.K.; Nagarajan, P.; Jerard, B.A.; Arunachalam, V.; Dhanapal, R. 2008. Current Science, 94(12): 1627-1631.
Ramírez Chávez, J. 2006. Experiencia de Manejo Sostenible de la Castaña (Bertholletia excelsa) el Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene y Reserva Nacional Tambopata - Madre de Dios Perú. Boletín IFP Fundación EQUITAS. Especial N°2 | LSJ 11 – Oaxaca.
Reis A.M.; Braga A.C.; Lemes M.R.; Gribel R.; Collevatti R.G. 2008. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the
Brazil nut tree Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae). Molecular Ecology Resources, 9(3): 920-923.
Slatkin, M. 1985. Rare alleles as indicators of gene
flow. Evolution, 39: 12.
Takahashi, T.; Tani, N.; Taira, H.; Tsumura, Y. 2005. Microsatellite markers reveal high allelic variation in natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica near refugial areas of the last glacial period.
Journal of Plant Resource, 118: 83-90.
Thomson, C.; Chisholm A.; McLachlan, S.; Campbell,
J. 2008. Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. The Medical Journal of Medical Nutrition. 87: 379-84.
Tonhasca, A. Jr.; Blackmer, J.L.; Albuquerque, G.S. 2002. Abundance and Diversity of Euglossine Bees in the Fragmented Landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biotropica. 34(3): 416-422.
Zuidema, P.; Boot, R. 2002. Demography of the Brazil
Nut Tree (Bertholletia excelsa) in the Bolivian Amazon: Impact of Seed Extraction on Recruitment and Population Dynamics. Tropical
Ecology, 18: 1-31.
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